What Makes an Antique Valuable? Quality, Rarity, Condition and Provenance

Bed pans, loving cups, teaspoons, Rolls Royces, beer bottles, campaign medals, theatre programmes, film posters. Sooner or later, there will be a buyer for just about any item you care to name. Collectables come in all shapes and sizes, and there are few hard and fast rules as to what will make one object more desirable than another. Ask any collector what it was that inspired their shelf of eggcups, their wall of Marilyn Monroe posters, or their drawer filled with old bus tickets, and the chances are that they will have a story as quirky and individual as the collection itself.

Whatever the collection might contain, however, you can be certain that its owner will be very particular about what gets included. A dedicated collector will look very carefully at an item before buying. He or she will want to know that the object is in good condition, and that any restoration has been carried out to a high standard. They will be particularly interested in its rarity. They may want to know the item's history (provenance) and of course they will be concerned about its price.

Most collectors have particular treasures in their collection. Some will have sentimental value, or a story attached to them, whilst others will be prized for their rarity. If an item is hard to get hold of, or better yet, totally unique, then it will almost certainly have a higher value than a similar item which has been mass-produced.

Hand crafted, or hand-finished items are often highly prized because no two examples will ever be exactly alike. Sometimes mass-produced items also get a look-in in the rarity stakes. Occasionally a batch of coins might be issued with a fault in them, such as the undated British 20 pence pieces which made the news recently. Also, print runs of stamps have been generated without perforations, or with colour distortions, and collectors will pay well over the odds for these imperfections.

How do you know if you have a rare item? Only research can tell you.

• If you have an item that you are hoping to sell, take it along to an auction house and ask for the auctioneers opinion. Most do not charge for this service, especially if the item is then entered for sale. Be aware when selling, however, that auction houses operate on a commission basis, and you may be liable for a fee even if the goods don't sell.
• You can also research common collectibles in price guides, such as those published by Millers. There are good general guides available that show a cross-section of items, but additionally, there are very specific guides which focus on topic areas. Look on Amazon for your specific interest, then buy the book, or see if you can borrow it from a library.
• Look at on-line catalogues published by the bigger auction houses. If you see an item similar to yours, take a note of the lot number, then check later to see what it made at auction.
• Get a valuation from an antiques dealer. Be aware that a general antiques dealer may only have a slight knowledge of specialist items, so either go to a specialist in the first place, or get an opinion from several dealers. This is especially important if you wish to sell through a dealer. Dealers can often offer good and fair advice, but on the other hand, they do have a living to make, so make sure you have all the facts before doing a deal.

Every manufactured item, whether hand-made, hand-finished, or mass produced, will have been made to a specific standard. A 'good quality' item can either be a very good example of its type, or it might be made to a very high standard from top of the range materials.

If a piece of jewelry has been made from gold or platinum, then set with precious stones (i.e. diamonds, rubies, sapphires or emeralds) there's a very good chance that you have a reasonably valuable item. If the item has been made from silver, or another low value metal, and is set with semi-precious stones (such as agate, amethyst, lapis lazuli, rose quartz, etc.) then the item is likely to have a lower value. Silver jewelry tends not to be too valuable unless it is known to have been crafted by a well-known and collectable designer, or is very old and has some history attached to it.

Collectors often rave about items that other people would place very little value on, and a good example of this is majolica pottery. Majolica items can often appear crude and unappealing to an average person, but this is a case where a 'good quality' example will very often do better at auction than a delicate piece of china. In this case, 'good quality' refers to the condition rather than the materials. Majolica ware is typically quite solid and sturdy in appearance, and the decorations are generally simply painted in eyecatching colours. The two pieces illustrated are of museum quality, but there are plenty of simpler pieces lurking in dusty attics waiting to be re-discovered. Majolica plates and bowls often have minor damage around the rims and outer edges, and this is usually not a problem to a collector. Larger cracks or chips will, however, affect the value.

Most antique and second-hand goods will sell better if they are in good condition. This doesn't have to mean 'as new', but obviously damaged goods will only have a limited marketplace.

If you are thinking of placing your possessions in auction, prepare them for the buyer in the best way you can;

• Pottery, china, and porcelain should be gently cleaned. Delicate ornaments should probably not be immersed in water, but a soft damp cloth will remove dust and cobwebs, and a cotton bud can be used for awkward areas. If there is damage, do not attempt a repair unless you have specialist knowledge. A bodged repair is worse than no repair at all.
• Gold and silver Jewelry should also be cleaned. Warm soapy water may be used in the first instance, followed by a thorough rinse. Use an old soft toothbrush, or a cotton bud for difficult to reach areas. There are also good ready-made jewelry cleaners such as Goddards silver polish which are great for bringing your treasures back to life, but do not use these solutions on silver-plated items, as you may damage the plating.
• Furniture should be dusted and polished, and any cobwebs removed from the underside of chairs, the inside of drawers, etc. Again, don't attempt any repairs on genuine antiques unless you know what you are doing, though by all means make good any more contemporary items if you are able.
• If you are selling paintings, make sure the glass is clean, or if you are selling an oil painting, very gently dust the surface of the painting, taking care not do dislodge any of the paint.If you have an old painting, peint, or sketch that you'd like to know more about, follow the high-lighted link to learn about researching and selling art.

Most collectors are looking for items in good condition for their age. Reasonable wear and tear is expected when considering older items, but the nearer your goods are to perfect, the more likely it is that they will find a buyer.

Provenance very simply means 'history'. If you have an old item which was handed down through the family for several generations, then that is its provenance. If you have an object which was a gift from a famous person, again, that is its provenance. Provenance is important in identifying genuine items from forgeries. This is especially true for items which might have a limited face value, but by attachment to a famous person, they suddenly become very sought after. If you are considering selling an item with a special history, and you can prove your story, then make sure you tell the auctioneer, or the potential buyer, and offer as much proof as you are able.